// STRESS & RECOVERY

Stress & Recovery

HPA axis, cortisol regulation, sympathetic/parasympathetic balance

Acute stress is adaptive — cortisol mobilizes energy and sharpens focus. But the HPA axis was designed for brief threats, not chronic activation. When the hypothalamus continuously releases CRH, and the adrenals overproduce cortisol, the negative feedback loop breaks down. The result: immune suppression, hippocampal atrophy, and insulin resistance.

HPA AXIS \u00B7 STRESS RESPONSEHYPOTHALAMUSParaventricular nucleus (PVN)CRHPITUITARYAnterior \u00B7 Corticotroph cellsACTHADRENAL CORTEXZona fasciculataCORTISOLNEGATIVEFEEDBACKACUTE (adaptive)Energy mobilizationEnhanced focusAnti-inflammatoryCHRONIC (harmful)Immune suppressionHippocampal atrophy · -14%Insulin resistanceSleep disruptionLupien et al., Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2009

Mechanism

Threat / StressorAmygdalaHypothalamus: CRH \u2191Pituitary: ACTH \u2191Adrenal: Cortisol \u2191Acute: adaptiveChronic: destructiveLupien et al., Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2009
14%

hippocampal volume reduction from chronic elevated cortisol over a decade — stress literally shrinks your brain

Lupien et al., Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2009

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