// NUTRITION

Nutrition

Metabolic pathways, insulin signaling, mitochondrial function, nutrient absorption

Nutrition isn't about calories — it's about metabolic signaling. Insulin triggers GLUT4 transporter translocation to move glucose into cells. Inside mitochondria, the electron transport chain converts this into ATP. When mitochondrial function degrades, every system downstream fails — energy, cognition, immunity, repair.

ENERGY PRODUCTION PIPELINEGLUCOSEC\u2086H\u2081\u2082O\u2086GLYCOLYSISCytoplasm2 ATPMITOCHONDRIAKREBS CYCLE2 ATP \u00B7 8 NADH \u00B7 2 FADH\u2082ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAININADHIIFADH2IIICoQIVO₂→H₂OVATP Syn32-34 ATP\u224836 ATPper glucose moleculeINSULIN\u2192 GLUT4 translocationGlucose enters cell200+ diseases linked to mitochondrial dysfunction \u00B7 Nunnari & Suomalainen, Cell 2012

Mechanism

Carbohydrate intakeBlood glucose \u2191Insulin releaseGLUT4 \u2192 Cell membraneGlycolysis: 2 ATPKrebs: 2 ATPETC: 32 ATP\u224836 ATP per glucose moleculeNunnari & Suomalainen, Cell 2012
200+

diseases now linked to mitochondrial dysfunction — from diabetes and cancer to neurodegenerative disorders

Nunnari & Suomalainen, Cell 2012

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