// MOVEMENT

Movement

Muscle physiology, mitochondrial biogenesis, BDNF, cardiovascular adaptation

Exercise isn't about burning calories — it's a molecular signaling cascade. Muscle contraction activates AMPK and upregulates PGC-1α, the master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis. This increases fat oxidation, insulin sensitivity, and releases BDNF — a protein that directly enhances neuroplasticity and memory.

EXERCISE SIGNALING CASCADEMUSCLE CONTRACTIONAMPK \u2191PGC-1\u03B1 \u2191MITOCHONDRIAL BIOGENESIS\u219140-50% density in 6 weeksMYOKINES RELEASEDBDNFIL-6IrisinGLUT4 \u2191INSULIN SENSITIVITY \u2191BRAINNeuroplasticity \u2191FATBrowning \u2191BONEOsteocalcin \u2191via BDNFvia IL-6via IrisinMuscle as an endocrine organ \u00B7 600+ myokines identifiedHood, APNM 2009 \u00B7 Pedersen & Febbraio, Physiol Rev 2012Every bout of exercise triggers systemic signaling cascades beyond the muscle

Mechanism

ContractionAMPKPGC-1\u03B1Mito biogenesis \u219140-50%Myokines: BDNF, IL-6, IrisinBrain: plasticity \u2191Fat: browning \u2191Bone: density \u2191Pedersen & Febbraio, Physiol Rev 2012
40-50%

increase in mitochondrial density within 6 weeks of consistent training

Hood, Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 2009

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